Biosynthesis of cholesterol The biosynthesis of cholesterol may be divided into five steps: (1) Synthesis of Mevalonate from acetyl-CoA. (2) Formation of Isoprenoid units from Mevalonate by loss of CO2. (3) Condensation of six isoprenoid units forms Squalene. (4) The cyclization of Squalene gives rise to the parent steroid, Lanosterol. (5)Formation of cholesterol from lanosterol. […]
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Case details The peripheral blood film (figure) of a strictly vegetarian patient suffering from generalized weakness, easy fatigue, sore tongue, and foot drop has been displayed. What might be the diagnosis? Case details Most probably, the patient is suffering from megaloblastic anemia due to cobalamine deficiency. The cause for this anemia is a strict vegetarian
A 23 –year- old female was brought for consultation by her mother, who was troubled by her daughter’s continuous fatigue, dizziness, and loss of weight. The patient was 6 feet 2 inches tall and weighed 100 pounds. Further questioning revealed that the young woman had been virtually fasting for four months, hoping to obtain a
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Case details A 54- year-old man with Type 1 diabetes is referred to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of developing cataract. Blood chemistry results are shown below: Fasting blood glucose 198 mg/dl Hemoglobin A 15 gm/dl Hemoglobin A1c 10% of total Hb Urine ketones Positive Urine glucose Positive Which of the following enzymes is most strongly
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1-State Chargaff’s rule In DNA molecules, the concentration of deoxyadenosine (A) nucleotides equals that of thymidine (T) nucleotides (A = T), while the concentration of deoxyguanosine (G) nucleotides equals that of deoxycytidine (C) nucleotides (G = C). 2- What is meant by hyperchromicity of denaturation? The conjugated double bonds of purine and pyrimidine derivatives absorb
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Enzyme and pathway Effect of substrate concentration Allosteric Modification/ Feedback Inhibition/Covalent modification Induction/ Repression Clinical Significance Acetyl co A Carboxylase (Fatty acid synthesis) Activity increases during the well-fed state Activity decreases during fasting Activator- Citrate, ATP Acetyl co A Insulin- activates the enzyme by covalent modification of the enzyme (dephosphorylation through stimulating protein phosphatase enzyme) Inhibitors–
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Fatty acid metabolism- Animations http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/fatty_acid_metabolism/fatty_acid_metabolism.htm http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/carnitine/carnitine1.html http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=23&debug=0 Cholesterol metabolism- Animations http://www.google.mu/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=cholesterol%20metabolism&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CEgQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Fcollege%2Fboyer%2F0470003790%2Fanimations%2Fcholesterol%2Fcholesterol.htm&ei=Y1u_To6eLpS3hAfBl5yqBA&usg=AFQjCNEnz6PRIRPbutRUAAO5FS-aqAxguQ&cad=rja Lipoprotein metabolism http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/lipoproteins/index.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97uiV4RiSAY Atherosclerosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHE1ig4k64M LDL and HDL cholesterol https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U7YHRW5dyc
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Q.- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency within the cell. Which of the following best describes the type of compound ATP is? A. Phospholipid B. Amino acid C. Nucleotide D. Triacylglycerol E. Oligosaccharide. Details The correct answer is -C- Nucleotide. The nucleotide coenzyme adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most important form of chemical energy
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Introduction Renal clearance is a measurement to analyze the functions of the kidney. By definition, clearance is the volume of plasma from which the excretion completely removes a substance through the kidney in a given amount of time (usually a minute). For example, the clearance for urea is 75 ml/min. This means that the kidney
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