Table 1: Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Metabolism Vitamin Impaired Reaction Enzyme Affected Consequence Riboflavin (B2) β-oxidation of fatty acids Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Reduced ATP production from fats Niacin (B3) β-oxidation of fatty acids Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase Energy generation from fats reduced Triglyceride synthesis Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Impaired triglyceride formation Biotin Fatty acid synthesis Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Disrupted synthesis of […]

  Vitamin Impaired Reaction Enzyme Affected Reaction Catalyzed Pathway/Consequence Vitamin B6 (PLP) Transamination of amino acids Aminotransferases (e.g., ALT, AST) Alanine + α-Ketoglutarate ↔ Pyruvate + Glutamate Impaired amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis Conversion of glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Glutamate decarboxylase Glutamate → GABA + CO₂ Impaired neurotransmitter synthesis Conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine

  Vitamin Impaired Reaction Enzyme Affected Reaction Catalyzed Pathway/Consequence Thiamine (B1) Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 component) Pyruvate + CoA + NAD⁺ → Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO₂ Impaired entry of pyruvate into the TCA cycle, lactic acid buildup Conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase α-Ketoglutarate + NAD⁺ + CoA →