Philadelphia chromosome

Oncogenes are key drivers of cancer, originating from proto-oncogenes that regulate normal cell functions. When mutated or overexpressed, they lead to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. This article explores the molecular mechanisms of oncogene activation, including point mutations, gene amplification, chromosomal rearrangements, and viral insertional mutagenesis. Understanding these pathways has paved the way for targeted cancer treatments, offering new hope in oncology research and patient care.