RNA Structure, types, and functions- a quick revision

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RNA (Ribonucleic acid ) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymer of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides linked together by 3′,5′-phosphodiester bridges analogous to those in DNA (Figure-1). Figure 1- Showing an RNA fragment, the ribonucleotides are linked together by 3′-5′ phosphodiester linkages.  Ribose is the principal sugar in RNA  Differences between RNA and DNA Although sharing […]

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DNA Structure and Functions (a quick Revision)

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DNA DNA – a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts carries the genetic information. DNA structure a) Primary structure (figure-1) Represents the linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides linked together by 3′-5′ phosphodiester linkages The informational content of DNA resides in the sequence in which monomers—purine and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides—are ordered. The polymer, as depicted,

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Tay-Sachs disease- a case based discussion

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Case details A boy was born normal but started flinching at loud noises (enhanced startle response) at the age of 6 months. The child initially could sit up but then regressed so that he could not roll over or recognize his parents. Ophthalmological examination revealed a central red area of the retina surrounded by white

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Case study- Gaucher disease

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Case Details A 25 –year-old woman presents, with a history that includes- a) Hepatosplenomegaly with eventual removal of the spleen b) Bone and joint pains with several fractures of the femur. c) A liver biopsy that shows wrinkled-looking cells with an accumulation of Glucosyl ceramide, What would be the likely diagnosis for this patient? Case

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Characteristics of phospholipids

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Q.1- Which one of the following characteristics of phospholipids is correct? A. They always contain choline and glycerol B. They are an important source of energy during fasting C. They are major components of membranes D. They are uncharged at physiological pH E. They are water-insoluble. Details The correct answer is -C. The phospholipids are

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Acid-Base Balance-Lecture-1- Significance of pH

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Acid-base balance An acid is a substance that can donate hydrogen ions (H+), and a base is a substance that can accept H+ ions, regardless of the substance’s charge. H2 CO3 (acid) «H+ + HCO3 – (base) Strong acids are those that are completely ionized in body fluids, and weak acids are those that are

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Role of Ethanol in Acute Ethylene Glycol (Automobile antifreeze) Poisoning

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Case detail A 3-year-old girl was brought into the Emergency Room. She was cold and clammy and was breathing rapidly. She was obviously confused and lethargic. Her mother indicated that she had accidentally ingested automobile antifreeze (ethylene glycol) while playing in the garage. Following gastrointestinal lavage and activated charcoal administration, a nasogastric tube for ethanol

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Alcohol induced metabolic changes- a case study

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Case details A 65-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department in an unconscious state. Apparently, he had become increasingly depressed after the death of his younger son two months ago. Previously, before his death, he had been a moderate drinker, but consumption of alcohol had increased markedly over the last few weeks. He had

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Lipid chemistry- Multiple-choice questions-set-4

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Q.1- Endogenously synthesized triacylglycerols are transported from the liver to extrahepatic tissues by which of the following lipoproteins? a) Chylomicrons b) VLDL c) LDL d) HDL Q.2- All of the following have 18 carbon atoms except – a) Linoleic acid b) Palmitic acid c) Linolenic acid d) Stearic acid         Q.3- Sphingosine is not present in- a) Cerebrosides

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Lipid Chemistry- Multiple-choice questions-set-3

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Q.1- Which out of the  following alcohols  is used for waxes? a) Cholesterol                                                                    b) Glycerol c)  Cetyl Alcohol                                                                d) Sphingol                                         Q.2- Choose the Dienoic fatty acid out of the following- a) Oleic acid                                                                        b) Linoleic acid c) Linolenic acid                                                                 d) Stearic acid                                    Q.3- Which of the following lipids is abundantly present in the white

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