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Ketone bodies and their biological significance- lecture 1

Lecture notes, Metabolism of lipids, Theory notes /

Ketone bodies Ketone bodies can be regarded as a water-soluble, transportable form of acetyl units. Fatty acids are released by adipose tissue and converted into acetyl units by the liver, which then exports them as ketone bodies. Acetoacetate, D(-3) -hydroxybutyrate (Beta-hydroxybutyrate), and acetone are often referred to as ketone bodies (figure-1). Figure-1- showing the structure […]

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Regulatory Mechanisms- Lipid Metabolism (summary Chart)

Learning resources, Library, Metabolism of lipids, Quick Revision Series, Quick revisions /

  Enzyme and pathway Effect of substrate concentration Allosteric Modification/ Feedback Inhibition/Covalent modification Induction/ Repression Clinical Significance Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Fatty acid synthesis) Activity increases during the well-fed state Activity decreases during fasting Activator- Citrate, ATP Acetyl CoA Insulin- activates the enzyme by covalent modification of the enzyme (dephosphorylation through stimulating protein phosphatase enzyme) Inhibitors– Long-chain fatty

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ATP- The energy currency within the cell

Bioenergetics, Learning resources, Library, Multiple-choice questions, Multiple-Choice questions, USMLE Style questions, USMLE styled question bank /

Q.- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency within the cell. Which of the following best describes the type of compound ATP is? A. Phospholipid B. Amino acid C. Nucleotide D. Triacylglycerol E. Oligosaccharide. Details The correct answer is -C- Nucleotide. The nucleotide coenzyme adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most important form of chemical energy

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Renal clearance- a quick revision

Learning resources, Lecture notes, Library, Organ function tests, Quick Revision Series, Theory notes /

Introduction Renal clearance is a measurement to analyze the functions of the kidney. By definition, clearance is the volume of plasma from which the excretion completely removes a substance through the kidney in a given amount of time (usually a minute). For example, the clearance for urea is 75 ml/min. This means that the kidney

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Fatty Acid Synthesis: Key Steps, Enzymes, and Clinical Relevance Explained

Lecture notes, Metabolism of lipids, Theory notes /

Fatty acid synthesis takes place in three stages- Initiation, Elongation, and Termination Step-1- Initiation a) Formation of Malonyl CoA The fatty acid synthesis starts with the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This irreversible reaction is the committed step in fatty acid synthesis. The synthesis of malonyl-CoA is catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which contains a biotin prosthetic

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Fatty Acid Synthesis- Lecture 3 (fatty acid synthase complex)  

Learning resources, Lecture notes, Library, Metabolism of lipids /

Fatty acid synthase complex is the second most important enzyme complex in the pathway of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. In mammals, the fatty acid synthase complex is a dimer comprising two identical monomers, each containing all seven enzyme activities of fatty acid synthase on one polypeptide chain. Each chain is folded into three domains

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Fatty Acid Synthesis- Lecture 2 (Acetyl CoA Carboxylase)

Learning resources, Lecture notes, Library, Metabolism of lipids, Theory notes /

The fatty acid synthesis starts with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA. This irreversible reaction is the committed step in fatty acid synthesis (figure 1). Figure- 1- Showing the formation of Malonyl Co A from Acetyl Co A Bicarbonate as a source of CO2 is required in the initial reaction for the carboxylation

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Alcohol Induced Metabolic Changes- A Case Study

Energy metabolism, Learning resources, Lecture notes, Lecture notes, Library, Metabolism of lipids, Theory notes, USMLE Content /

Case details A 65-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department in an unconscious state. Apparently, he had become increasingly depressed after the death of his younger son two months ago. Previously, before his death, he had been a moderate drinker, but consumption of alcohol had increased markedly over the last few weeks. He had

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Acid-base Imbalance- Case Studies With Explanations

Case studies, Acid-base balance and imbalance, Case studies, Learning resources, Library /

Case study1   A 45 year-old-female suffering from bronchial asthma was brought to the emergency in a critical state with extreme difficulty in breathing. The blood gas analysis revealed the following: pH- 7.3 PCO2– 46 mm Hg PO2– 55 mm Hg HCO3– 24meq/L What is your Interpretation? Case details-  Low pH – acidosis Low PO2

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