A Quick Review of Glycogen Chemistry and Glycogenesis
A Quick Review of Glycogen Chemistry and Glycogenesis from Namrata Chhabra
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Quick Revision Series
Gluconeogenesis: Pathways, Substrates, and Key Enzymes Explained with mnemonics
Gluconeogenesis is a vital metabolic process that allows the body to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, ensuring a continuous supply of glucose, especially during fasting or intense exercise. Below, we explore how key substrates enter gluconeogenesis and the role of specific enzymes with easy-to-remember mnemonics to simplify learning. Figure 1: Gluconeogenesis and Its Connection
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Amphibolic Role of the TCA Cycle with Mnemonics
The TCA cycle (Krebs cycle) serves as a central hub for both catabolic (energy-producing) and anabolic (biosynthetic) processes, making it a dual-purpose amphibolic pathway. Below is a table that summarizes the catabolic and anabolic roles of the TCA cycle, along with mnemonics to make these concepts easier to remember. Catabolic Role of the TCA Cycle:
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A Summary Of Regulation of Glycolysis, PDH Complex, and TCA Cycle (with mnemonics)
Hexokinase vs Glucokinase Regulation Feature Hexokinase Glucokinase Mnemonic Location Most tissues (muscle, brain) Liver and pancreatic β-cells “H in Human Tissues, G in Glucose Factories” Affinity for Glucose (Km) Low Km (high affinity) High Km (active only at high glucose) “Hexokinase is Hungry, Glucokinase is Greedy” Allosteric Inhibition Inhibited by Glucose-6-Phosphate No inhibition by Glucose-6-Phosphate
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ETC Inhibitors, Uncouplers, and Transporter Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Site of Action Inhibitors / Uncouplers Mechanism Mnemonic for Easy Recall Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase) Rotenone, Piericidin A, Amytal Blocks electron transfer from NADH to CoQ “Rotten Pies Available” (Rotenone, Piericidin A, Amytal block Complex I) Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase) Malonate, Carboxin, TTFA Competes with succinate, preventing electron transfer to CoQ “Malonate Causes Trouble Fast”
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Types of Enzyme Inhibition with Mnemonics
Type of Inhibition Effect on Vmax and Km Reversible / Irreversible Examples Mnemonic Competitive (Inhibitor competes with substrate for the active site) Vmax: Unchanged Km: Increased Reversible 1) Statins – inhibit HMG-CoA Reductase (cholesterol-lowering) 2) PABA – inhibits Pteroyl Synthase (antibiotic) 3) Captopril – inhibits ACE (antihypertensive) 4) Oxamate – inhibits Lactate Dehydrogenase (poison) 5)
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Amino acids associated with the TCA cycle and helpful mnemonics to aid memorization
Here’s a table showing the amino acids associated with each intermediate and helpful mnemonics to aid memorization: Intermediate Amino Acids Associated Mnemonic for Amino Acid Entry Points Pyruvate Glycine, Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Hydroxyproline G – Glycine A – Alanine S – Serine C – Cysteine T – Threonine T – Tryptophan H – Hydroxyproline
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Glycolysis Review- NBME style questions with complete explanations
Q.1 Identify the Phosphoester that is predominantly encountered in erythrocytes and plays a vital role in modulating the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin: A. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate B. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate C. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate D. Fructose 6-phosphate E. Glucose 6-phosphate The correct answer is B. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate is a negatively charged molecule found in high concentrations within erythrocytes. 2,3-BPG
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NBME-Style Case-Based Questions on the regulation of glycolysis with explanations
Question 1: A 25-year-old man runs a marathon. After 20 miles, his muscle cells are relying heavily on glycolysis for energy production. Which of the following changes is most likely increasing the rate of glycolysis in his muscles? A. Accumulation of alanine B. Decreased availability of glucose C. Decreased oxygen levels D. Increased AMP concentration
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