DNA structure and functions
DNA structure and Functions- A quick revision
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Quick Revision Series
Biosynthesis of cholesterol- a quick revision
Biosynthesis of cholesterol The biosynthesis of cholesterol may be divided into five steps: (1) Synthesis of Mevalonate from acetyl-CoA. (2) Formation of Isoprenoid units from Mevalonate by loss of CO2. (3) Condensation of six isoprenoid units forms Squalene. (4) The cyclization of Squalene gives rise to the parent steroid, Lanosterol. (5)Formation of cholesterol from lanosterol.
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Regulatory Mechanisms- Lipid Metabolism (summary Chart)
Enzyme and pathway Effect of substrate concentration Allosteric Modification/ Feedback Inhibition/Covalent modification Induction/ Repression Clinical Significance Acetyl co A Carboxylase (Fatty acid synthesis) Activity increases during the well-fed state Activity decreases during fasting Activator- Citrate, ATP Acetyl co A Insulin- activates the enzyme by covalent modification of the enzyme (dephosphorylation through stimulating protein phosphatase enzyme) Inhibitors–
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Lipid metabolism- animations
Fatty acid metabolism- Animations http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/fatty_acid_metabolism/fatty_acid_metabolism.htm http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/carnitine/carnitine1.html http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=23&debug=0 Cholesterol metabolism- Animations http://www.google.mu/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=cholesterol%20metabolism&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CEgQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Fcollege%2Fboyer%2F0470003790%2Fanimations%2Fcholesterol%2Fcholesterol.htm&ei=Y1u_To6eLpS3hAfBl5yqBA&usg=AFQjCNEnz6PRIRPbutRUAAO5FS-aqAxguQ&cad=rja Lipoprotein metabolism http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/lipoproteins/index.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97uiV4RiSAY Atherosclerosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHE1ig4k64M LDL and HDL cholesterol https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U7YHRW5dyc
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Renal clearance- a quick revision
Introduction Renal clearance is a measurement to analyze the functions of the kidney. By definition, clearance is the volume of plasma from which the excretion completely removes a substance through the kidney in a given amount of time (usually a minute). For example, the clearance for urea is 75 ml/min. This means that the kidney
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Animations – ATP synthase complex and electron transport chain
ATP SYNTHASE ANIMATIONS Click the link below for more animations http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/oxidative_phosphorylation/index.html
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Metabolic disorders- Carbohydrate metabolism
S.N. Process/Pathway affected Disease Major Manifestation 1) Digestion Lactose intolerance Sucrase/Isomaltase deficiency Inability to digest dairy products, bloating, pain- abdomen, diarrhea or constipation, etc. 2) Absorption (SGLT-1or SGLT-2 deficiency) Glucose/Galactose malabsorption Impaired dietary glucose/galactose absorption (SGLT-1), or Renal glycosuria (SGLT-2) 3) Glycolysis Hexokinase or Pyruvate kinase deficiency ( Hemolytic anemia 4) PDH Complex
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