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Gluconeogenesis- Short answer questions

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Question 1: Explain why gluconeogenesis is not simply the reverse of glycolysis. Answer: Gluconeogenesis is not simply the reverse of glycolysis because there are three irreversible reactions in glycolysis that must be bypassed in gluconeogenesis. These irreversible reactions are catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. Gluconeogenesis uses different enzymes to bypass these steps, making […]

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Amino acids associated with the TCA cycle and their entry points (with easy mnemonics)

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Here’s a table showing the amino acids associated with each intermediate and helpful mnemonics to aid memorization: Intermediate Amino Acids Associated Mnemonic for Amino Acid Entry Points Pyruvate Glycine, Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Hydroxyproline G – Glycine A – Alanine S – Serine C – Cysteine T – Threonine T – Tryptophan H – Hydroxyproline

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Short-answers reasoning questions on Fatty acids and Triglycerides synthesis

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Question 1:  Where does fatty acid synthesis primarily occur within the cell? Answer: Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of the cell. This is in contrast to fatty acid oxidation, which primarily occurs in the mitochondria. Question 2: What is the primary product of fatty acid synthesis? Answer: The primary product of fatty acid

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Comprehensive Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism Disorders: Key Enzyme Defects, Clinical Manifestations, and Mnemonics for Easy Recall

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Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism Disorders Disorder Enzyme Defect Impairment Type Clinical Manifestations Mnemonic Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD)   Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase specific for medium-chain fatty acids Impaired beta-oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids Hypoglycemia, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, coma, and sudden infant death MCAD = “Might Collapse And Die” Carnitine Deficiency Carnitine transporter or synthesis defect

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Understanding Organelle Roles in Fatty Acid Metabolism: Synthesis, Elongation, Desaturation, and Oxidation

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Table 1: Role of organelles in Fatty Acid Synthesis, Elongation, and Desaturation Process Organelle Function Key Enzymes/Features De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Cytoplasm Formation of palmitate (16-carbon saturated fatty acid) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) Elongation of Fatty Acids Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Mitochondria Extends the carbon chain of long-chain

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Navigating the Fed and Fasting States: Key Pathways, Enzymes, and Memorable Mnemonics

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This table includes a note about the enzyme activity in each state: State Hormone Pathway Enzymes Active Mnemonic Fed State Insulin Glycolysis Hexokinase, PFK-1, Pyruvate Kinase “Hungry Pandas Party” (HPP) Glycogenesis Glycogen Synthase “Glyco Savings” Fatty Acid Synthesis Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, Fatty Acid Synthase “ACCelerate the Fats” Protein Synthesis Ribosomal enzymes “Ribs Build” Lipogenesis Lipoprotein Lipase

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“Differentiating Carnitine Deficiency and Enzyme Deficiencies in the Carnitine Shuttle: Clinical and Laboratory Insights”

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Clinical Case: A 6-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with episodes of severe muscle weakness, fatigue, and dark-colored urine after prolonged physical activity. His parents report that he often becomes weak during periods of fasting or intense exercise. Blood tests reveal elevated levels of fatty acylcarnitine and normal levels of free carnitine. Plasma analysis

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Glycogen Storage Diseases- Multiple Choice Questions

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1. A 3-month-old male infant presents with poor feeding, hypotonia, and cardiomegaly on physical exam. Blood tests reveal elevated lactate, uric acid, and creatine kinase levels. Echocardiogram demonstrates hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A muscle biopsy shows excessive glycogen storage in lysosomes. Which enzyme deficiency is most likely responsible for this infant’s condition? A. Glucose-6-phosphatase B. Debranching enzyme

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Glycogen storage diseases with mnemonics to aid memorization

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A table summarizing the main glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) with enzyme defects, key clinical features, and mnemonics to aid memorization: Glycogen Storage Disease Enzyme Defect Key Clinical Features Mnemonic Type I: von Gierke Disease (GSD I) Glucose-6-phosphatase Severe fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia “von Gierke: ‘G6P’s Gone, Liver Left Low” Type II: Pompe

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